Digital Library

Calcaneal fracture

  Overview A calcaneal fracture, commonly known as a heel bone fracture, is a break in the calcaneus, the largest bone in the foot located at the back of the heel. This type of fracture is often caused by high-energy trauma, such as falls from significant heights or automobile accidents. Calcaneal fractures can lead to […]

Bunions

A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe, resulting from the misalignment of bones in the foot. This condition can cause the big toe to angle toward the second toe, leading to discomfort and pain. Bunions can develop gradually and may worsen over time, affecting mobility and quality […]

Broken Shoulder

  Overview A broken shoulder, also known as a shoulder fracture, occurs when one or more of the bones in the shoulder—such as the collarbone (clavicle), shoulder blade (scapula), or upper arm bone (humerus)—breaks due to trauma. This injury often results from falls, accidents, or sports related impacts. A broken shoulder can cause significant pain, […]

Baker

  Overview A Baker’s cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled swelling that develops at the back of the knee. It is often caused by excess synovial fluid leaking into the tissue behind the knee joint. This condition is commonly associated with underlying knee issues such as arthritis or cartilage tears. While […]

Bakers cyst

  Overview A Baker’s cyst, also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled swelling that develops at the back of the knee. It is often caused by excess synovial fluid leaking into the tissue behind the knee joint. This condition is commonly associated with underlying knee issues such as arthritis or cartilage tears. While […]

Bone Avascular Necrosis (AVN)

  Overview Bone avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis, is a condition that occurs when blood flow to a bone is interrupted or reduced, leading to bone tissue death. This can result in tiny fractures and the eventual collapse of the bone. AVN most commonly affects the hip joint but can also occur in other […]

Bone Density Loss (Osteoporosis)

  Overview Bone density loss, commonly linked to osteoporosis, is a condition where bones become weak, brittle, and prone to fractures. It occurs when the body loses too much bone, makes too little bone, or both. This condition often develops silently over time and primarily affects older adults, particularly postmenopausal women. Without intervention, osteoporosis-related bone […]

Boutonnière Deformity

  Overview Boutonnière deformity is a condition affecting the fingers, characterized by the bending of the middle joint (PIP joint) downward and the outermost joint (DIP joint) curving upward. This deformity occurs due to damage or disruption of the central slip of the extensor tendon that straightens the finger. It is commonly associated with injuries, […]

Broken Ankle and Foot

A broken ankle, also known as an ankle fracture, occurs when one or more bones in the ankle joint are damaged. This injury can result from various causes, including falls, sports injuries, or accidents. Depending on the severity of the fracture, treatment may range from conservative management with immobilization to surgical intervention. Symptoms Common symptoms […]
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Arthrosis

Arthrosis, commonly known as osteoarthritis, is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects the cartilage, the smooth tissue covering the ends of bones in a joint. Over time, the cartilage wears down, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joint. Arthrosis commonly occurs in weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and […]

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