Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis

Overview

Unicompartmental osteoarthritis (UOA) is a degenerative joint condition that affects only one compartment of the knee, leading to pain and reduced mobility. The knee is divided into three compartments: medial (inner), lateral (outer), and patellofemoral (front). UOA typically occurs in the medial compartment and is characterized by the deterioration of cartilage, which can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life.

Introduction

Unicompartmental osteoarthritis is a common form of knee osteoarthritis, especially among older adults. Unlike total knee osteoarthritis, which affects all compartments of the knee joint, UOA allows for targeted treatment options that can preserve healthy joint structures. In India, the increasing prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles has contributed to a rise in knee-related disorders, including unicompartmental osteoarthritis.

Symptoms

The symptoms of unicompartmental osteoarthritis primarily include:

– Knee Pain: Localized pain on the inner side of the knee that worsens with activity and improves with rest.
– Swelling: Mild swelling around the affected compartment.
– Stiffness: Reduced range of motion, particularly after prolonged periods of inactivity.
– Grinding Sensation: A feeling of grinding or crunching during movement (crepitus).
– Instability: A sensation that the knee may give way during weight-bearing activities.

These symptoms can progressively worsen over time, impacting daily activities and overall mobility.

Causes

Unicompartmental osteoarthritis can arise from various factors:

– Age: The risk increases with age due to natural wear and tear on the joints.
– Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on weight-bearing joints like the knee.
– Previous Injuries: Past injuries to the knee, such as fractures or ligament tears, can predispose individuals to UOA.
– Genetics: Family history may play a role in an individual’s susceptibility to developing osteoarthritis.
– Biomechanical Factors: Abnormal alignment or mechanical stress on the knee can lead to uneven wear of cartilage.

In India, lifestyle factors such as increased physical activity in younger populations and sedentary behavior in older adults contribute significantly to the development of unicompartmental osteoarthritis.

Treatment

Treatment options for unicompartmental osteoarthritis vary based on severity:

– Conservative Management:
– Physical Therapy: Strengthening exercises to improve muscle support around the knee.
– Weight Management: Reducing body weight can alleviate stress on the knee joint.
– Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help manage pain and inflammation.
– Injections: Corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections may provide temporary relief.

– Surgical Options:
– Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA): This procedure involves replacing the damaged compartment with a prosthetic implant while preserving healthy tissue. UKA has shown good long-term results, with studies indicating up to 90% survivorship at 15 years post-surgery[1][2].
– Osteotomy: Realigning the knee joint can redistribute weight away from the affected compartment. This option is often considered for younger patients with good bone quality.

Prevention and Risk Factors

Preventive measures for unicompartmental osteoarthritis include:

– Regular Exercise: Engaging in low-impact activities like swimming or cycling can maintain joint health.
– Proper Footwear: Wearing supportive shoes helps reduce stress on the knees.
– Healthy Diet: A balanced diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods can support joint health.

Risk factors associated with unicompartmental osteoarthritis include:

– Age (more common in individuals over 50)
– Obesity
– Previous knee injuries
– Genetic predisposition

In India, awareness about these risk factors is essential for early intervention and management.

Insights from Sancheti Hospital

At Sancheti Hospital, we prioritize a patient-centred approach to diagnosing and treating unicompartmental osteoarthritis. Our orthopedic specialists utilize advanced diagnostic tools such as MRI and X-rays to assess joint health accurately. We offer tailored treatment plans that encompass both conservative management and surgical options like unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.

Our commitment extends beyond treatment; we focus on educating our patients about preventive strategies and lifestyle modifications to minimize recurrence. With state-of-the-art facilities and a dedicated team of healthcare professionals, Sancheti Hospital aims to enhance patient outcomes in managing unicompartmental osteoarthritis effectively.

In conclusion, understanding unicompartmental osteoarthritis’s symptoms, causes, and treatment options is crucial for effective management. Early intervention can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life for those affected by this condition.