Rheumatoid Arthritis

Overview

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Left untreated, RA can lead to joint deformity, loss of function, and reduced quality of life. It is a condition that requires timely diagnosis and comprehensive management for optimal outcomes.

Introduction

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, specifically targeting the synovium (the lining of the joints). This leads to inflammation and damage over time. RA affects more women than men and commonly manifests between the ages of 30 and 60. In India, an estimated 0.5%–1% of the population is affected, with many cases going undiagnosed due to a lack of awareness.

Symptoms

The symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis can vary in severity and may develop gradually or suddenly. Common signs include:
– Joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, especially in the hands, wrists, and feet.
– Morning stiffness lasting longer than 30 minutes.
– Symmetrical joint involvement (both sides of the body).
– Fatigue, fever, and a general feeling of unwellness.
– Deformity of joints in advanced cases.

Causes

The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not fully understood, but factors contributing to its development include:

– Genetic predisposition: A family history of RA or other autoimmune diseases increases the risk.
– Immune system dysfunction: Abnormal immune responses trigger inflammation in the joints.
– Environmental factors: Smoking, pollution, and certain infections may act as triggers.
– Hormonal factors: Hormonal changes, particularly in women, are linked to higher susceptibility.

Treatment

Managing RA requires a multidisciplinary approach:

1. Medications:
– Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): Slow disease progression.
– Biologics: Target specific immune responses to reduce inflammation.
– Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Relieve pain and swelling.
– Corticosteroids: Provide short-term relief during flare-ups.
2. Physiotherapy:
– Improves joint function, strengthens muscles, and enhances mobility.
3. Lifestyle Modifications:
– A balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants.
– Regular, low-impact exercises like yoga or swimming.
4. Surgery:
– For severe cases, joint replacement or tendon repair may be necessary.

Prevention and Risk Factors

Prevention:

– Adopt a healthy lifestyle to reduce modifiable risk factors.
– Avoid smoking, as it is a significant trigger.
– Stay active to maintain joint health and overall well-being.

Risk Factors:

– Genetics: A family history of autoimmune diseases.
– Gender: Women are three times more likely to develop RA.
– Age: Most cases develop in middle age.
– Obesity: Increases strain on joints and exacerbates symptoms.

Insights from Sancheti Hospital

At Sancheti Hospital, our team of rheumatologists, orthopaedic surgeons, and physiotherapists work together to provide personalized care for rheumatoid arthritis patients. From state-of-the-art diagnostic tools to advanced treatment options, we aim to improve the quality of life for those living with RA.

In India, where many patients may delay seeking care due to stigma or lack of awareness, Sancheti Hospital emphasizes education, early diagnosis, and holistic treatment. Our physiotherapy programs are designed to restore mobility and functionality while preventing further complications.