Osteosarcoma

Overview

Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumour that primarily affects adolescents and young adults, characterized by the production of osteoid tissue by malignant cells. This aggressive cancer most commonly occurs in the long bones, particularly around the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia), but can also arise in other bones such as the humerus and pelvis. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common types of bone cancer in children and young adults, accounting for approximately 2-3% of all childhood cancers. In India, the incidence of osteosarcoma ranges from 4.7% to 11.6% of paediatric cancers, with significant implications for morbidity and mortality. Understanding the nature of this disease, including its symptoms, causes, and treatment options, is essential for timely intervention.

Symptoms

The symptoms of osteosarcoma can vary depending on the tumour’s location and size but typically include:

– Localized Pain: Persistent pain in the affected bone that may worsen at night or with activity.
– Swelling: Noticeable swelling or a lump near the affected area.
– Limited Range of Motion: Difficulty moving the affected limb or joint due to pain or swelling.
– Fractures: Pathological fractures may occur in weakened bones.
– Fatigue: General feelings of tiredness or malaise.

Symptoms may develop gradually, leading to delays in diagnosis if not recognized early.

Causes

The exact cause of osteosarcoma remains unclear; however, several factors may contribute to its development:

– Genetic Factors: Certain genetic conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma, increase the risk of developing osteosarcoma.
– Previous Radiation Therapy: Individuals who have received radiation treatment for other cancers may have an increased risk.
– Rapid Growth Periods: The condition is more common during periods of rapid growth in adolescence.
– Bone Diseases: Conditions such as Paget’s disease or fibrous dysplasia can predispose individuals to osteosarcoma.

Treatment

Treatment for osteosarcoma typically involves a multidisciplinary approach:

– Surgery: The primary treatment method is surgical resection of the tumour. Limb-salvage surgery is often preferred to preserve function, but amputation may be necessary in some cases.

– Chemotherapy: Systemic chemotherapy is administered before and after surgery to reduce tumour size and eliminate microscopic disease. Common chemotherapy agents include doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide.

– Targeted Therapy: In some cases, targeted therapies may be explored based on specific genetic mutations associated with the tumour.

Prevention and Risk Factors

Preventive measures for osteosarcoma are limited due to its unclear etiology; however, certain strategies can help manage risks:

– Regular Health Check-ups: Early detection through routine evaluations can lead to timely intervention.
– Genetic Counseling: For individuals with a family history of genetic conditions associated with osteosarcoma, genetic counseling may provide valuable insights.

Risk factors for developing osteosarcoma include:

– Age: Most commonly affects adolescents aged 10 to 20 years.
– Gender: Males are generally at higher risk than females.
– Family History: A family history of certain genetic syndromes increases susceptibility.

Insights from Sancheti Hospital

At Sancheti Hospital, we understand that a diagnosis of osteosarcoma can be overwhelming for patients and their families. Our team of experienced oncologists employs advanced diagnostic techniques to accurately assess your condition. We offer a comprehensive range of treatment options tailored to individual needs, ensuring optimal recovery. Our focus on patient education empowers individuals with knowledge about their condition while promoting proactive management strategies for better outcomes. By addressing both immediate symptoms and long-term health goals, we strive to enhance our patients’ quality of life through compassionate care.